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Introduction
Lighting represents a surprisingly large part of the electricity consumption
of a typical house. We begin with a quick summary of the domestic lighting
situation, emphasising the advantages and disadvantages of different types
of low-energy lighting. More detailed information is given in the sections
that follow.
Incandescent bulbs
The most common form of domestic
lighting at present is incandescent
bulbs, where light is generated by a very hot metal filament. It is a flexible
source of lighting which is cheap to install but very inefficient
and expensive to run. It is best used in places where light
is only used occasionally and for short periods. Due to their inefficiency,
incandescent bulbs are gradually being taken off the market, starting with
the larger 100 and 150 watt sizes.
Halogen lamps
The popular halogen lamps
are also filament bulbs, filled with a gas including a halogen such as iodine.
They run at higher temperatures and so produce a whiter light. Halogen lamps
are somewhat more efficient than ordinary incandescents but cost more. The
main reason for choosing them is their intense white light from a very compact
package – the
efficiency benefits are minor, and they still waste most ot the energy
as heat.
Fluorescent tubes
The light from fluorescents comes
from a mercury plasma that produces ultraviolet light, which
is converted to visible light by a fluorescent phosphor coating on the inside
of the tube. The efficiency is typically four to five
times better than incandescent lights, and fluorescent tubes last
much longer than incandescent or halogen bulbs. For many years they have been
used in kitchens, utility rooms and garages. There is now a variety of shapes
in addition to the traditional long straight tubes, including smaller ceiling
lights incorporating reflectors for higher efficiency and compact wall fittings.
Fluorescent lights need extra components, typically a starter to
trigger them and a ballast to control the plasma. There are two
general types of ballast – magnetic and electronic. Electronic ballast increases
efficiency and avoids flicker and hum, as well as starting up instantly and
not needing a starter. Some types of fluorescent fittings can be dimmed. The
EU plans to phase out magnetic ballasts because of their disadvantages.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
Now widely
available, CFLs,
which are often simply called low-energy bulbs, use small fluoresent
tubes. Unlike other fluorescents, they are designed to work in light fittings
also used for conventional bulbs. The ballast and starter are built into
the bulb. They are far
more efficient and long-lasting than incandescent bulbs, and so much cheaper
over their lifetime. The drawbacks, gradually
being overcome, are that they are dim for a short time after switching on,
and most models do not work with dimmer switches. A real example of
the potential cost and energy savings with CFLs is given below.
Fluorescent lighting, mainly CFLs, is currently the
best option from the energy and cost point of view for domestic lighting
which will be on for reasonable periods, unless there are good reasons
why the slow switch-on time and lack of dimming are important.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
LEDs are
semiconductor devices that generate light when a low-voltage current is passed
through them. Although each tiny diode is not very bright, large
arrays are getting less expensive. They are excellent
for battery-powered devices. Widely used as indicator lights and for text displays,
brighter versions are now used in torches, traffic lights, and bicycle and
car lights. They are potentially even
more efficient than CFLs, come on instantly, can be dimmed,
and have extremely long lifetimes. LEDs are slowly beginning to appear in domestic
applications, but widespread usage awaits improvements in colour balance
and ways of diffusing the very directional light. This could open interesting
creative possibilities due to not needing bulbs or tubes.
High-intensity discharge lamps (HIDs)
Discharge lamps generate
light by means of an electrical discharge giving off visible light. They are
widely used in applications where a lot of light is needed over a very large
area, such a street lights, because they are very efficient. However, they are very slow
to start up, expensive, and do not provide
good colour balance,
so are not much used in normal domestic environments.
Summary of Main Features
Cost has been omitted as the prices of both CFLs and LEDs are coming down
rapidly.
| Feature |
Incandescent |
Halogen |
Fluorescent |
CFL |
LED |
Discharge |
| Typical lifetime (hrs) |
1000 |
2000 |
10–15,000 |
6–15,000 |
50,000 |
5–20,000 |
| Efficiency (lumens/watt) |
7–17 |
25 |
60–100 |
45–60 |
20–85 |
70–150 |
| Startup time (secs) |
0.1 |
0.1 |
1 (older longer) |
1 |
0.01 |
15–30 |
| Fully bright (secs) |
1 |
1 |
A few |
60–120 |
0.01 |
30 |
| Dimming possible? |
Yes |
A little |
Some models |
Rarely |
Yes |
No |
| Flicker |
Minor |
Minor |
Older types |
No |
No |
Yes |
| Hum |
No |
No |
Older types |
No |
No |
Some types |
| End of life |
Land fill |
Land fill |
Recycle |
Recycle |
Unclear |
Recycle |
Incandescent Bulbs
Incandescent lighting is still the most popular form
of lighting for homes. The light comes from a fine filament, normally of tungsten,
which is heated electrically until it gives off visible light. The filament
is usually in the centre of a glass bulb, evacuated to minimise heat loss
through convection.
The filament evaporates at a rate strongly dependent on temperature, but higher
temperatures give more visible light for the input energy. Thus there is a
compromise between the life of the bulb and its efficiency. The normal compromise
gives a life of about 1000 hours, though big power fluctuations can cause premature
failure. Long-life bulbs last longer but give less light for the same electricity
consumption. The light is a warm white, with more red than blue in the spectrum.
Some lamps are filled with an inert gas such as argon. This allows a higher
temperature for the same lamp life.
Efficiency
Incandescent lamps are inexpensive to buy. However, they radiate
most energy in the infrared (i.e. as heat) and are inefficient for generating
visible light, so they are expensive to run. Lower power lamps and torch bulbs
are particularly inefficient. Because they are so inefficient they are
gradually being removed from the market, starting with the larger 150 and 100
watt sizes.
The lamps start generating close to their full output in a fraction of a second
after they are switched on. They can be dimmed easily by reducing the temperature
of the filament, either by reducing the voltage across the lamp or by pulsing
the current supplied. An incandescent lamp on mains electricity
has a slight flicker at 100 Hz, but this is not noticeable as the filament
does not cool much in this time.
Fittings and types
Two fittings for mains-driven incandescent lamps predominate in the UK, as
shown in the pictures. Bayonet Cap (BC), fitting code B22d, is the most common.
Edison Screw (ES), code E27, is less common in the UK but more widely used
elsewhere. Other fittings include the Small Edison Screw (SES), code E14, and
striplights of either 221mm or 284 mm length.
The main kinds of lamp are regular, candle, reflectors (spotlights) in various
sizes, globes, and striplights. A regular bulb costs as little as 25p but other
lamps can cost up to about £2.
End of life
Incandescent lamps consist of glass and metal. They do not contain
any materials that will harm the environment, so they can be thrown away with
household waste. They should not be placed in containers for recycled
glass, however, because the glass used for these lamps is not the same as the
glass used for bottles.
Conclusion
Although easy to use and cheap to buy, ordinary incandescent
bulbs are the most inefficient and expensive source of domestic lighting. Their
sale is gradually being banned.
Halogen Lamps
Halogen lamps are incandescent lamps in which the evaporation of
the filament is reduced, giving a brighter light and a longer life. The bulb
is filled with an inert gas containing a trace of a halogen such as iodine.
The tungsten on the filament evaporates slowly and is deposited on the inner
surface of the bulb. Provided that the surface is hot enough, the iodine reacts
with the tungsten to make a gas, which is then broken down by the heat of the
filament to redeposit the tungsten on the filament. The design lifetime is
normally about 2000 hours. Halogen bulbs are usually made of quartz
rather than glass, as this withstands the higher heat better. This very hot
surface can be a safety concern.
Halogen lamps generate intense white light from quite small
bulbs. They are used in outdoor floodlights and car headlights, as well as
compact reading lamps and various low-voltage portable equipment. Some small
bulbs include reflectors, and are very popular for providing multiple
sources of bright, directed light in restaurants, kitchens, etc.
Ideally the bulb should not be touched directly, as grease from a finger
on the quartz bulb can generate a hot spot which reduces the life of the lamp.
Efficiency
Halogen lamps provide up to twice as much visible light as a normal incandescent
bulb of the same wattage, and as the filament is hotter the light spectrum
is closer to daylight. Their greater efficiency and longer life makes their
overall operating cost potentially cheaper than normal incandescent lights.
However, the tendency is to use halogen lights with higher power than the incandescent
lamps they might replace, which nullifies any energy saving. They are dearer
than normal incandescents, with bulbs costing from about £3 upwards.
Halogen lights can be dimmed, but since the method of maintaining the filament
depends on having a hot bulb they are not ideal for dimming.
Fittings and types
There is a huge variety of bulb types. Some operate at mains voltage, but
even for normal domestic use many light fittings include transformers so that
the bulbs operate at low voltage. This makes wiring easier and safer,
but if the transformers are not switched off there is some wasted energy. Common
types are small capsules or bulbs, and lights with reflectors (see pictures),
as well as the small, thin tubes used in outdoor floodlights.
End of life
Halogen lamps contain very small quantities of halogens and halogen-hydrogen
compounds, but the amounts are insignificant (only a few millionths of a gram).
The lamps can therefore be thrown away with household waste. As they are made
with quartz they cannot be recycled with glass.
Conclusion
Although more efficient than ordinary incandescent bulbs, halogen
lamps are also unacceptably wasteful of energy and expensive to run compared to other
light sources.
Fluorescent Tubes
A fluorescent tube generates light by creating a plasma in mercury vapour
contained in a glass tube. The plasma generates ultraviolet radiation. The
inside surface ot the tube is coated with a fluorescent phosphor which
absorbs the ultraviolet and generates visible light. The colours generated
depend on the phosphors used. Typically the light is concentrated on a few
colours, for example yellow and blue, and the human eye interprets this as
white. Fluorescents for general use typically produce one
of several colour blends:
- Daylight – more blue, to seem like the outdoors.
- Cool white – the traditional colour often used in shops and offices.
- White – a bit more red in the mix, and the most commonly supplied with
domestic fittings.
- Warm white – closest to the colour of incandescent lights, and probably
the best for a home environment.
Because of the peaky spectrum of light generated, colours viewed under fluorescent
light often differ from their colours in daylight – in particular reds can
look darker.
In domestic use, many houses use fluorescent tubes in kitchens, utility rooms,
garages and bathrooms. They are used much less often in living rooms, bedrooms,
etc. as fluorescent light and fittings often seem colder and more 'industrial'.
Ultraviolet lamps omit the phosphor and transmit the ultraviolet radiation
directly. They are used for disinfection chambers and sun beds. Black-light
fluorescents convert the original ultraviolet light into the near ultraviolet,
which can then generate strange theatrical effects when shined on paints and
other materials which fluoresce in visible colours.
This section discusses the traditional fluoresent tubes that have
been available for many years as well as some improved modern varieties, while
compact fluorescent bulbs are treated separately
in the next section. The important distinction is that compact fluorescent
bulbs work in the same fittings as incandescents, while other fluorescents
need dedicated fittings.
Efficiency
The main advantages of fluorescent lights over ordinary or halogen incandescent
lamps are that they generate much more visible light for the same input energy,
last much longer, and their surface is much cooler.
A rough rule is
that they use only about a quarter as much energy as incandescents to produce
the same amount of light. However, the light output depends on the colour balance
– the cooler mixes tend to be more efficient than the redder
ones, so for example a white tube will usually produce more light than a warm
white one of the same wattage. However, there are slightly more expensive warm
white variants (e.g. GE Polylux XLR) that do produce more light while also
claiming improved liftetime. It is also worth noting that it can take a
fluorescent a few moments to come up to full intensity, especially in a cold
environment, and that the light output drops by about 20% over the life of
the tube. The typical lifetime is usually stated to be about 10,000 hours,
with some tubes claiming 15,000 hours, but this depends on how often the tube
is switched on and off – sometimes a life of 50,000 on/off cycles is claimed.
Fittings and types
Fluorescents require extra equipment in addition to the tube. In older-style
fittings a starter heats electrodes at each end and then opens the
circuit. This triggers a spike of voltage to start the plasma, which often
flickers on and off a few times before becoming continuous. A magnetic ballast (consisting
of an inductor) assists in generating the initial spike, and then limits the
current in the tube, which otherwise would become excessive after the plasma
has been created. Such fittings sometimes flicker and hum in an irritating
way at 100 Hz, especially as they age. The light can cause moving machinery
to appear stationary.
Modern fittings are available that have electronic ballasts with no separate
starter, and operating at higher frequency (e.g. 25 kHz). The light comes on
instantly without flickering, and in operation annoying hum and flicker
are less of a problem. Electronic
ballasts can be designed to support dimming of fluorescents, keeping the filament
hot while reducing the current across the tube. However for this to work there
must be a good match between the dimming control and the tube. Some lights
with integral ballast have been developed to provide dimming in conjunction
with incandescent dimmers. The EU is planning to phase out the older type of
fitting with magnetic ballasts.
Conventional fluorescent tubes come in a variety of lengths and diameters.
The main diameters are:
- T2 – miniature, 7 mm diameter with lamps including one of 6 watt and only
219 mm long. Ideal for use in confined spaces, such as under wall units above
kitchen worktops, in cupboards and wardrobes, etc. as they give off very
little heat.
- T5 – 16 mm diameter.
- T8 – 25 mm diameter, used in most modern domestic fittings.
- T12 – 38 mm diameter, used in older domestic fittings.
There are also circular and U-shaped tubes in various sizes. In general,
the longer the tube the higher the wattage and light output.
Sometimes
low-energy bulbs with separate ballasts, rather than CFLs, are required by
UK building regulations because this makes it difficult for the residents
to introduce incandescent replacements. If a separate ballast is used in a
pendant light, some designs of ballast have a larger ring to hold the lamp
shade than the standard one used with incandescent lights. This can lead to
difficulty in finding appropriate shades.
A standard fluorescent tube costs from about £3. For example, a 58-watt
tube (often used in kitchens or utility rooms) might cost £5, with a
warm white version offering more light output and longer lifetime for £6.
More unusual designs can cost up to perhaps £15. The range of tubes and
fittings in DIY or electrical shops tends to be quite limited, but a list of
online suppliers is
given below.
Recent developments
In recent years a number of more compact and efficient
designs using different tube configurations have appeared. Sometimes confusingly
called compact
fluorescents, these differ from the low-energy bulbs
(CFLs) described below because, like traditional fluorescents, they do not
include a ballast in the tubes and so cannot be used in incandescent-type fittings.
Some of these have four pins and others only two; the ones with two pins
have built-in starters. See the bottom two pictures at right.
There are ceiling lights that use several parallel,
shorter tubes in recessed reflector fittings that are designed to maximise
light output to the room. These are mainly designed for public buildings and
offices (typically with false ceilings) rather than domestic use.
However, some
newer wall-mounted designs are quite acceptable for domestic living areas.
These use fairly short tubes, sometimes bent to form an extended closed
shape, as in the picture, and placed behind a glass or plastic diffuser. These
fittings produce a lot of light and lie fairly flat on the wall; they are on
sale in DIY and electrical shops.
End of life
Fluorescent tubes contain some mercury and so require
special treatment, available at local waste disposal centres.
Conclusion
At the present time, fluorescent
tubes are a very effective way to reduce both energy usage and costs. The
main choice is between dedicated fluorescent fittings with a separate ballast,
and more conventional fittings and lamps that require the use of compact
fluorescent bulbs, discussed in the next section.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Compact fluorescent lamps are low-energy light bulbs that can be
used as direct replacements for conventional bulbs. A CFL is built
with an integral electronic ballast and starter, and typically has either a
bayonet or Edison screw fitting so it can be powered by the same fittings as
incandescent bulbs. This section concentrates on CFLs, often simply called low-energy
bulbs – more conventional fluorescent tubes requiring
fittings with separate ballasts are discussed in the previous section.
When CFLs were introduced they were too big and heavy for many existing light
fittings, and cost £10 or more. They took quite some time to reach full brightness,
and were usually dimmer than expected. Current models are far better,
offering both the original straight-tube shapes and very compact spirals that
fit into almost all light fittings. They are also much lighter in weight. Other
shapes are also available, such as globes and candle lamps. CFLs that can be
dimmed are now available but not yet common. CFLs are still a bit dim at turn-on,
but brighten up fairly quickly. Costs have come down to the point where the
most popular sizes can sometimes be found in multiple packs for less than £1
each. The situation is continuing to change rapidly, with improved versions
appearing at a rapid pace.
However, CFLs are still noticeably dimmer in cold surroundings, and are not
suitable for locations where they are only switched on for very short periods
(e.g. a cupboard).
Efficiency
CFLs share the advantages of fluorescent tubes. Being built in a much more
compact package does somewhat reduce the amount of light produced for a
given amount of energy, but compared to incandescents the energy usage,
running costs and lifetime are vastly improved – see the real-life
example below. The energy saving
is so large that they pay for themselves within a few months. And although
one CFL costs more to buy than one conventional bulb, the far longer lifetime
means that for cost comparisons buying one CFL should really be compared
to buying about 10 incandescent bulbs.
Many people have noticed that the wattage
equivalents claimed on CFL packaging tend to be a bit overstated. These usually
suggest replacing an incandescent bulb by a CFL with a wattage rating of one-fifth
or less, for example replacing a 60 watt bulb by an 11 watt CFL. This is often
too dim, and discourages people from using CFLs. It is often better to go up
to the next available rating, using a CFL with about one-quarter of the wattage
rather than one-fifth – for example replacing a 60 watt incandesent bulb with
a 15 watt CFL, or a 100 watt incandescent with about a 23–25 watt CFL.
Fittings and types
CFLs come in a wide and expanding variety of sizes and shapes, as shown in
the pictures. However, if you want to put one into a constricted light fitting
it sometimes takes a bit of care to obtain a CFL of the right wattage that
fits in. The main styles currently available are: small U-tubes (two to four
tubes), spiral, globe (like a conventional bulb), candle, and reflector. Many
CFLs are Edison screw, and although some light fittings in the shops are also
Edison screw, it is quite difficult to buy Edison screw replacement bulb sockets
for fitting yourself.
The most common ratings range from 7–8 watts up to about 23–25 watts. Larger
sizes and a full range of shapes are harder to find in shops. For example,
to replace a 150 watt conventional bulb a 30 watt CFL is recommended. A list
of online suppliers offering a far
wider range of bulbs and fittings is given below.
Another advantage of CFLs is that they produce much less heat than the equivalent
incandescent bulb, so that a higher-wattage CFL can be used in a fitting that
can only handle a relatively low-wattage incandescent. However, for CFLs of
more than about 20 watt it is still necessary to be sure there is adequate
ventilation.
CFLs that can be used with conventional dimmer switches are still not common
but they are becoming available. There are also CFLs with light sensors built
into their bases, so that they can automatically turn on at night.
End of life
Compact fluorescent lamps contain a very small amount of mercury and so require
special treatment, available at local waste disposal centres.
A real-life example
Most people who replace their bulbs with CFLs do so a few bulbs at a time,
making it difficult to evaluate the energy and cost savings accurately. However,
a member of the Energy Initiative Committee replaced virtually all of the
incandescent bulbs in his house over a very short time, and carefully monitored
the change in electricity bills. This was quite a clear case: the house already had
fluorescent tubes in the kitchen, utility room and bathroom,
with ordinary incandescents everywhere else. The incandescent bulbs ranged from 60 watts
to 150 watts, and the two dozen or so replacement CFLs from 11 watts to 30 watts. Some 60 watt
bulbs were replaced by 15 watt CFLs rather than the 11 watt ones recommended
on the CFL packages in order to get adequate light.
Comparing electricity bills over a full year with bills from previous
years, the energy consumed was reduced by about 1500 kilowatt-hours over the
year. At current electricity prices that saves at least £180 per year. The
cost of the CFLs was paid back within a couple of months. However (as noted
above), if we compare the price of one CFL with the ten or so ordinary bulbs
that would be needed over its much longer lifetime the CFL is probably cheaper
to buy, even without taking the hugely reduced electricity consumption into
account.
Conclusion
At the present time, compact fluorescent bulbs are a very effective
way to reduce both energy usage and costs. The main choice is between
dedicated fluorescent fittings with a separate ballast (discussed in the
previous section), and more conventional fittings and lamps using compact
fluorescent bulbs. For most domestic purposes, compact fluorescent
bulbs are probably the best choice at present.
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Passing current through special types of semiconductor diodes generates light.
The colour generated depends on the materials making up the diode. For many
years red, yellow and green LEDs have been used as indicator lights, or for
simple alphabetic or numeric displays. LEDs can be shaped, for example to
produce the widely used 7-segment numeric displays in digital clocks. The invention
of blue and then ultraviolet LEDs led to the production of white LEDs. White-ish
light is generated either by combining diodes of different materials, or
by coating a diode which generates ultraviolet with a suitable phosphor. The
operating voltage across the diode is about 1 volt, which means that
battery operation is an attractive option. Another attractive feature is that
they last far longer than ordinary lighting, with lifetimes claimed to be 50,000 hours
or more. This makes them useful for reducing failures and maintenance,
especially in safety-critical applications or in places that are difficult
to access. For example, arrays of LEDs are now used for traffic lights, some
car lights, etc.
LEDs come on at full intensity, and are very easy to dim. They would therefore
overcome some of the objections to compact fluorescent bulbs.
Efficiency
The light emitted by one diode is not very bright, but several diodes
can be combined to make a torch or bicycle light that is more compact and uses
much less battery power than an incandescent bulb. Arrays of many diodes are
fabricated using some of the same large-scale production techniques used for
electronics. The light is emitted directionally, but that is a useful feature
for many of the current applications (e.g. torches).
The
efficiency of the brightest LEDs been increasing steadily. Even at efficiencies
comparable to incandescents they have the advantages of low-voltage operation
and long life, and are therefore in widespread use as indicators, illumination
signs, and more recently torches.
LED lighting is under very active development. Efficiency is now comparable
to fluorescents and at the same time costs are coming down. To be
useful in domestic surroundings the colour balance of white LEDs needs to be
improved, but already some specialised domestic LED lighting is available in
the shops.
The future of LED lighting has great potential. Producers predict that
efficiencies two or three times better than fluorescent lights seem possible.
If this is combined with acceptable colour balance, and a way to produce diffused
light to fill a room, there is a possibility of a true revolution in lighting
since arrays of LEDs need not come in the form of bulky bulbs or tubes. Rooms
might be lit by large-area flat panels or interesting shapes.
End of life
Light-emitting diode lights would generally be classified with other electronic
goods, and should be brought to local waste disposal
centres. As they are not yet in common use it is not entirely clear what the
recycling situation is.
Conclusion
Light-emitting diodes are potentially even more efficient than CFLs,
but more development is needed before they can be regarded as a solution for
general domestic lighting.
High-Intensity Discharge Lighting
(HID)
The technology of these lamps is somewhat similar to that of fluorescents.
A discharge is created in a tube, but in discharge lighting the light
is produced directly in the visible range rather than ultraviolet. As a result
even higher efficiencies, up to 150 lumens per watt, can be achieved. To reach
the rated light output it is normally necessary to evaporate a metal in the
tube, so that the lights can take about 15–30 seconds to reach full brightness,
and may need to be off for 30 seconds before they will re-light. Discharge
lighting is therefore normally used in environments where bright lighting over
a wide area is required for long periods, for example in sports halls, warehouses,
street lighting, agriculture, and indoor gardening. They have also been used,
with some controversy over their brightness and colour, for vehicle headlights.
The discharge is triggered between tungsten filaments along a quartz or alumina
tube. The most common technologies at present are metal halide (picture)
and high-pressure sodium, both of which give a white-ish light. Low-pressure
sodium, widely used in street lights, is the most efficient of the lamps, but
produces an almost purely yellow light which makes recognising colours impossible.
The earliest lamps used mercury vapour, which gave a blue-ish light including
considerable ultraviolet, which had to be filtered out.
A high-intensity discharge lamp typically costs around £30 and lasts between
5000 and 20,000 hours.
End of life
Most discharge lamps contain some hazardous materials and so require
special treatment, available at local waste disposal centres.
Conclusion
Although very efficient, discharge lamps have too many
drawbacks for general use in domestic lighting.
Low-energy Lamp Suppliers
Manufacturers
These are some of the main companies producing low-energy
lamps, with links to their websites:
Crompton
GE Lighting
Megaman
Osram
Philips Lighting
Sylvania
Suppliers
Common styles and sizes of CFLs and fluorescent tubes can be obtained from
supermarkets, electrical, and DIY stores. There are sometimes special deals,
especially on packs of several CFL bulbs. However, the choice tends to be quite
limited. A wide range of lamps can be bought or ordered from Didcot Electrical
Wholesalers, 66–68 Broadway, Didcot OX11 8AE (01235-819181). Internet sources
can be less expensive, particularly if buying in any quantity, and offer
a very full range if you look around. Some useful suppliers are:
BLT Direct
Commercial Lamps
Energy Bulbs
GB Bulbs
The Greenshop
Jersey Lightbulbs
The Light Bulb Company 74–77 Magdalen Road, Oxford OX4 1RE, 01865-794500
Live and Neutral
Maplin
Netlamps
Next Day Lighting
Ultima Store
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